What kind of testing has been done? Scientific testing.

This is that is such a great question.

This is where I went from being a shroud skeptic because I was conditioned in Oxford in my residency that we, you know, we deny miracles, we deny anything supernatural.

Um, Oxford is really a factory for creating apostate Bible scholars.

By and large, I can say that having been there and been in faculty of theology in Keel College.

I know that’s not popular, but it’s true.

I would often go home to my flat in Summertown after reading the Greek New Testament with my cohort and I would ask my wife Audrey, “Am I the only one who actually believes in Jesus in this group?” And that’s okay.

And I was conditioned that this this is a Catholic relic.

There’s no historicity behind this.

It’s a joke.

And I was conditioned by that.

And then I was scary where and this is why your voice is so important, Tucker.

So many people they’re d they know enough to be dangerous.

They’re Tik Tok smarter.

They’re YouTube smart.

They have a sound bite, but they have no substance to their faith.

And I want to have a substance to my faith.

I’m a truth addict.

I follow truth wherever it leads.

And my pastor, Jack Graham, began encouraging me to just look into the primary sources for the shroud.

Not to pay attention to the to the blogosphere, but to pay attention to what what do the scientists actually tell us? And once I began to look at the scientific studies that undergur all of the facts I’m sharing with you, I remember being it took my breath away.

the evidence was so compelling.

So to answer your excellent question, given that framework, 102 scientific disciplines have studied the shroud and produced peer-reviewed journals, studies, and cases for all the different aspects.

And when I So when I tell you it’s the most studied artifact in the world, I mean it.

102 academic disciplines have spent 600,000 scientific hours like my friend Paul Dazo studying um studying the lasers like my friend Bruno Barbaris the mathematician from University of Turin not a theologian not a preacher great guy good friend of mine Bruno is a mathematician and he took all of the excellent questions you’re asking me the correspondence of how do we know he was crucified how was he crucified what blood type crown of thorns nail print hands nail scarred side nail prints in the calccaneous the heel which is interesting we’ll talk about that the scourge marks from and then the pibulum abrasions the cross beam when he factored all of those probabilities together Bruno Barbaris the mathematician said there is a one in 200 billion chance it’s anyone other than Jesus of Nazareth one in 200 billion because I like my odds because the physical the representations in this image track so precisely to the accounts Exactly.

Not only with scripture, but with what we know of crucifixion from Josephus, from uh Pho, from all of the other first century historians as well.

What do you mean there are holes in his heels? Yeah, this is amazing.

Can you describe crucifixion? What was it? What was the purpose? How did they die? Crucifixion was the most heinous way to die.

It turns out humans are really good at figuring out terrible, tragic ways how to destroy ourselves.

And crucifixion brings that to a fever pitch.

The Persians likely invented it.

Alexander the Great, who gives us the language of the Bible, coin a Greek, he also made crucifixion fashionable throughout his helenization of the world.

The Romans come along and they take crucifixion that they learned from Greek helis helenization and they perfect it for 700 years.

Remember, Josephus tells us that during the Jewish revolt, AD66 to 70, Titus and Vespasian are crucifying 500 Jews a day.

And so, they were experts.

Now, it wasn’t wasn’t like they had a crucifixion manual.

There were 30 provinces in the empire during the time of Jesus.

Remember, um we we have uh Pontius Pilate who’s governor.

We have first Augustus who is emperor and then we have uh the other emperors who followed during the time of Jesus.

There’s 30 provinces and the provinces would practice crucifixion in different ways but it was in the it was in the Syrian province where Judea was where it was partic particularly heinous.

I already mentioned we have 21 different records of crucifixion with nail piercing.

Nails were uh iron.

I actually have a nail artifact that I’m going to show you.

In fact, this is a great time to do that.

I want you to hold the replica of the crucifixion nail.

This is a crucifixion nail.

It was circular on top and then it was actually a spike.

It was an iron spike.

And the Romans would drive this crucifixion nail through the wrists, through the palm area, and then through the heel, the calccanous.

Our heels are very brittle.

And so they had to be very accurate when they would pin someone to the cross.

They would likely straddle the heels on either side of what was called there.

You have the pitibulum, and then you have the the cross beam, then you have the the center vertical beam, and the the heels would be fastened straddling the beam.

And the victim would be crucified completely naked.

There was no loin cloth.

I know we see that represented in and traditional Christian art, but Jesus would have been crucified naked because the Romans were saying something with this.

The Romans were saying, “Don’t ever defy us.

” You know, we are the truth.

And remember, Augustus was called the son of God.

And so when when Mark comes along and says, “No, Jesus is the son of God.

” I mean, those were sedicious words for the time because Augustus was called the son of God.

When when Augustus gave good news, it was called the gospel.

Christianity takes that term unangelon.

No, it’s not the gospel of Augustus.

It’s it’s uh not the gospel of the Roman Empire.

It’s not Pax Romana.

No, this is the gospel of the true son of God, Jesus Christ, who rose from the dead.

And so, he’s crucified and the Roman and so crucifixion was I mean the at least one gospel account describes the other men on either side as as criminals or rebels, malfactors.

Who got crucified? Well, this is interesting.

Um, it turns out we really hate to crucify slaves and we want to do it in the worst way possible.

That was the Roman view.

And so non-Roman citizens.

However, we do have citizens like Antiggonus, the last of the Hassmanian rulers, who’s a Roman citizen, but he defies Rome.

Uh this guy named Mark Anthony who becomes Augustus, crucifies Antigonist in a really dis despicable way.

He actually beheads him first and then crucifies him.

We have all of his remains.

Um it it’s interesting because these crucifixion nails were thought to be something like amulets, felacttories.

They were thought to bring you good luck.

And what’s interesting is crucifixion nails were reused again and again.

So the very nails that pinned Jesus to the cross had probably been used many times before that to kill other Roman victims because you know iron work is expensive and again the Romans you know they were a slave machine.

They knew how to kill people.

They knew how to enslave.

You know 40% of the empire were slaves and so they had to know how to crucify them.

And so you have this this slave crucifying machine that is the Roman Empire.

And then if you were a citizen but you defied the empire, you would be crucified too.

How does crucifixion kill a man? It’s really interesting.

Were women crucified by the way? Yes.

In fact, they were crucified naked often facing in facing towards the cross just for pornographic reasons.

How does it kill you? It kills you in a variety of ways.

It doesn’t kill you quickly.

it it maximizes torment um while minimizing um the it actually maximizes the length of death and it and it prolongs death and so when we study the blood work so there are some amazing hematological reports that I’ve enjoyed reading thoroughly one of the truest observations ever it’s hard to have a good time if you’re stuck in bad boots and that’s why you need Tokovas they make it easy for anybody including people like us hardly experts in boot fashion to find the perfect boot.

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When we study the blood that’s on the crucified man, it bears correspondence with that Jesus.

There’s high levels of creatinin, which means he was suffering from kidney failure, high levels of feritin.

His body had inflammation all over it.

He was dehydrated.

You read John’s gospel, remember in John’s gospel, Jesus, one of the seven sayings, I thirst, he’s dehydrated.

We know that Jesus likely lost lost onethird of his blood volume during flagagillation.

So he was dying of a variety of things.

Many thinkers believe that he died of suffocation asphyxiation because of pulmonary edema and we see that pulmonary edema reflected both on the shroud cloth and on the sudarian of ovdo the face cloth.

It’s six parts pulmonary edema one part blood.

Again a hoax is not going to make this stuff up.

I mean that it becomes so crazy pulmonary.

So your lungs fill with fluid fluid blood and a mixture.

In fact, there is a translucent um mixture of fluid around the side wound.

We we looked at the side wound there uh between rib five and six just above that triangle, which is really a patch from a burn hole.

There’s actually a translucent serum around that that again is consistent with what John’s gospel said.

Blood and water flowed out of Jesus because he was already dead.

And so the crucifixion would prolong that.

High levels of feritin, high levels of creatinin.

Jesus is suffering liver failure, kidney failure.

His body has inflammation all over it.

I believe though that Jesus died of cardiac arrest, massive heart failure, congenital heart failure because he’s has labored breathing.

We know all of this from the blood samples.

The New Testament um one account says that the his tormentors wanted him off the cross by the Sabbath by Passover.

That’s Deuteronomy 21 actually before nightfall.

before nightfall.

Right.

So, they broke his legs or they were planning on breaking his legs.

They didn’t because he died.

And that’s consistent with messianic prophecy in David Psalm 22.

Yes.

But why would breaking the legs of a crucified man hasten his death? A wonderful question.

Thank you for asking it.

So, the one way you could prolong your life is you would kind of essentially try to stand up while you were being crucified even though your feet were nailed straddling the cross.

and you would just edge up ever so often while you’re trying to breathe and that would prolong your life.

So if you broke your legs obviously you can’t stand up.

So the point is when you’re hanging by your wrist you can’t breathe.

Exactly.

And you suffocate.

You die in your own blood essentially.

And so you can’t you can’t do that.

And so that’s why but they come to Jesus even though they break break the legs of the criminals on the right or left indicating that Jesus suffered a different kind of torment than they suffered in his flagagillation.

We’ll get to that here in a moment.

Um, but they didn’t need to break his legs because he was already dead.

In fact, they’re surprised.

Remember, Pilate is shocked that he was so soon dead.

Jesus begins the crucifixion around noon.

He’s dead by 3:00 p.

m.

The Jewish day would begin at 6:00 p.

m.

And so they only have about 3 hours to get Jesus off the cross, ask for the body of Jesus from Pontius Pilate, and then lay him in a tomb that was not far, probably 150 ft away from where Jesus was crucified.

What does it mean that they carried the crossbar? What’s the crossbar? That is such a great question.

So, and this is what’s so amazing when again I I don’t privilege this.

I just looked at this through historical eyes.

When you look at the back, the dorsal image on the shroud, you can see that there there are scourge marks all over it.

But in the in the right shoulder coming down a di at a diagonal, there are abrasions all over the back.

We mentioned that Jesus, the man of the the crucified man of the shroud, weighed around 175 to 180 lbs.

The pitibulum, which is just the cross beam, so they didn’t carry the whole cross.

They would only carry the cross beam.

And again, that wood was scarce as well, by the way, in the Roman Empire.

So that cross beam would have been used again and again for other crucifixion victims.

And so Jesus experiences the scourging.

And then he’s asked to carry the cross.

And that cross uh the cross beam, the pitibulum weighs around 125 lbs.

And he can’t carry it.

He falls.

And this is one of the most moving experiences for me when I was studying the the signatures of the pollen.

We actually have not just pollen, but we have limestone and clay soil that is native only to Jerusalem and it’s on three parts of the crucified man in the shroud.

Are you ready for this? It’s on the feet obviously because he walked barefoot.

It’s on the knees and then the tip of the nose.

So when Jesus is carrying the pitibulum, he falls.

And he not only falls, he falls hard.

collapses and his face gashes the ground because we have in the tip of his nose actual soil from the land of Israel from Jerusalem.

So the cross beam is the piece of wood to which his ar his right fastened his wrists are nailed and that’s tied to the vertical post.

Yeah.

To match the Greek letter towel.

So it would look like a capital T.

We see that and he’s tied to that post but he’s nailed to it.

Make no mistake, he was nailed to it.

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